Could you pass the U.S. citizenship test?

Jan Willem van Hofwege // Shutterstock Passing the U.S. citizenship test is a vital step toward becoming an American citizen. To pass the civics portion of the test, an applicant must correctly answer six of up to 10 oral U.S. history and government-related questions administered by a U.S. citizen immigration services officer. The questions come from a pool of 100 possible questions. The questions tell the story of how the 13 colonies fought against Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War; how the U.S. Constitution came to be; and how the federal government was formed by the founding fathers including Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, and James Madison. They also cover U.S. history through World Wars I and II, the Great Depression, the Vietnam War, the Cold War, and 9/11. Some questions require knowledge of the Democratic and Republican parties and the workings of the U.S. Congress. After passing the test, paying a fee, and completing all other necessary steps and paperwork, applicants who were once considered foreigners become full-fledged American citizens under the U.S. Constitution. Once naturalized, new citizens are entitled to the full rights of a person born in the United States. Stacker has compiled a list of the 100 questions and answers on the civics test and formatted them like a quiz in the following gallery. Think you can pass the test with flying colors? Read on to see just how tough the questions are–and how solid your high school history class recall is. Kicking things off, here’s the first question: #1: What is the supreme law of the land? You may also like: Your guide to the Cabinet of the United States Question #1: What is the supreme law of the land? Daderot // Wikimedia Commons Answer #1: The Constitution. The U.S. Constitution, written in 1787 in the Pennsylvania State House, was ratified by the original 13 colonies in 1788 and went into full effect in 1789 when 38 delegates from each state signed the document. The master copy of the constitution, comprised of seven articles, is on display at the National Archives in Washington D.C. Question #2: What does the Constitution do? Question #2: What does the Constitution do? Ed Uthman // Flickr Answer #2: Sets up the government; defines the government; protects basic rights of Americans. The U.S. Constitution sets up the government into three branches–executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch consists of the U.S. president, the vice president, the Cabinet, and members of all federal agencies, departments, committees, and commissions. The legislative branch includes the U.S. Congress, which is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives. The judicial branch is the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal courts. The rights of American citizens are protected under government laws and by elected members, who must be of a certain age to serve. Question #3: The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. What are these words? Question #3: The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. What are these words? Pixabay Answer #3: “We the people…” All citizens of the U.S. are included in the first three words, “We the people,” of the U.S. Constitution’s preamble. Question #4: What is an amendment? Question #4: What is an amendment? Felman // Shutterstock Answer #4: A change (to the Constitution); an addition (to the Constitution). The U.S. Constitution has more than two dozen amendments, changes or additions to clarify its meaning and include provisions not included in the first draft. The changes to the original draft range widely. Notable amendments to the U.S. Constitution include the freedom of religion and speech, the right to bear arms, the abolition of slavery, and allowing African American men and all women to vote. Question #5: What do we call the first 10 amendments to the Constitution? Question #5: What do we call the first 10 amendments to the Constitution? Charles Haire // Shutterstock Answer #5: The Bill of Rights. The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, written by James Madison in 1791, are known as the Bill of Rights. The amendments were added to protect citizens, expand freedoms, and to limit government power. After several representatives objected to the 10 changes, a decision was made to place the Bill of Rights at the end of the document under Article VII, rather than directly editing the original text. Question #6: What is one right or freedom from the First Amendment? You may also like: Political Cartoons From The Last 100 Years Question #6: What is one right or freedom from the First Amendment? Anthony Correia // Shutterstock Answer #6: Speech; religion; assembly; press; petition the government. There are five fundamental rights in the First Amendment. The first two allow people the right to say and believe whatever they want; the third allows people to assemble peacefully; the fourth allows people the right to report the news without government censorship; and the fifth allows people the right not to be witnesses against themselves in a criminal case. Question #7: How many amendments does the Constitution have? Question #7: How many amendments does the Constitution have? Public Domain // goodfreephotos Answer #7: 27 The 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, including the first 10 in the Bill of Rights, vary widely. The changes made to the original 1787 draft include the direct election of U.S. senators; limiting a president to two terms; the establishment of the federal income tax; allowing women and African Americans to vote; and the abolition of slavery. The only amendment to be repealed was the Eighteenth, which barred the sale and consumption of alcohol in 1919. Alcohol was made legal in 1933 with the creation of the Twenty-First Amendment. Question #8: What did the Declaration of Independence do? Question #8: What did the Declaration of Independence do? Action Sports Photography // Shutterstock Answer #8: Announced independence (from Great Britain); declared independence (from Great Britain); said that the United States is free (from Great Britain). The Declaration of Independence, written on July 4, 1776, was the first document that declared 13 colonies in America would become sovereign and separate from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Members of the Continental Congress, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston, and Roger Sherman, created the document together. The Declaration of Independence is the first of three founding documents of the United States government, including the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Question #9: What are two rights in the Declaration of Independence? Question #9: What are two rights in the Declaration of Independence? Bev Sykes // Wikimedia Commons Answer #9: Life; liberty; pursuit of happiness. The first two rights of the Declaration of Independence guarantee the rights of citizens to exist frequently. The third right, the pursuit of happiness, is commonly understood to refer to the right to one’s own wealth and property. Question #10: What is freedom of religion? Question #10: What is freedom of religion? ildintorlak // Shutterstock Answer #10: You can practice any religion, or not practice a religion. The freedom of religion is also known as the separation of church and state. This amendment prohibits the government from making citizens practice a particular set of moral beliefs. There are two accurately named sections in the First Amendment that concern religion. The Establishment Clause forbids the government from setting up a system of faith or favoring one religion, and the Free Exercise Clause prohibits the government from barring the exercise of faith or lack thereof. Question #11: What is the economic system in the United States? You may also like: Defining historical moments from the year you were born Question #11: What is the economic system in the United States? javen // Shutterstock Answer #11: Capitalist economy; market economy. Capitalist and market economies make up the U.S. financial system. A capitalist economy consists of private owners and corporations manufacturing goods with minimal government involvement. A market economy is the supply and demand system operated by individual owners and corporations, who produce and price products, and compete to be leaders in their respective industries. Question #12: What is the “rule of law”? Question #12: What is the “rule of law”? sergign // Shutterstock Answer #12: Everyone must follow the law; Leaders must obey the law; Government must obey the law; No one is above the law. No man, woman, or child, regardless of his or her economic, education, or societal status, is removed from the regulations set forth by the three branches of government. Even the president, who is commander-in-chief of the U.S. Armed Forces, must follow specific laws to remain the leader of the country. Question #13: Name one branch or part of the government. Question #13: Name one branch or part of the government. Alex Wong // Getty Images Answer #13: Congress; legislative; president; executive; the courts; judicial. One branch of the government is the U.S. Congress, which is made up of two chambers including the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is considered the more powerful committee, which is made up of fewer members who collectively hold different rights from those of the House, including the sole authority to conduct an impeachment trial or to reject a presidential appointee to either the executive or judicial branch. Question #14: What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful? Question #14: What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful? Michal Kalasek // SHutterstock Answer #14: Checks and balances; separation of powers. There must be a check and balance system between the three branches–legislative, executive, and judicial–of government to assure each entity only exercises its specific responsibilities. Each branch has the capacity to affect the decisions of other branches in specific ways. This separation of powers prevents any one branch of government from dominating its counterparts, keeping the federal system fair and equal. Question #15: Who is in charge of the executive branch? Question #15: Who is in charge of the executive branch? Ad Meskens // Wikimedia Commons Answer #15: The president. The executive branch is made up of the president, vice president, and Cabinet, and the president is in charge as the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The Twenty-Second Amendment forbids any person elected to the office of the president from serving more than two consecutive four-year terms. There have been 13 presidents who have served two terms, including Grover Cleveland, who served in nonconsecutive periods. Question #16: Who makes federal laws? You may also like: Oldest national parks in America Question #16: Who makes federal laws? Jesse Collins // Wikimedia Commons Answer #16: Congress; Senate and House (of Representatives); (U.S. or national) legislature. Federal laws are created when the U.S. Congress passes legislation, the president signs an executive order, and/or a federal court decision is reached based on the U.S. Constitution. When the U.S. Congress creates and passes bills, the proposed legislation must be approved and signed by the president to become federal law. Question #17: What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress? Question #17: What are the two parts of the US Congress? Katherine Welles // Shutterstock Answer #17: Senate and House (of Representatives). The two chambers of the U.S. Congress include the Senate and the House of Representatives. The upper chamber is the Senate, which is made up of two senators from each of the 50 states. The lower chamber is the House of Representatives, which is made up of a variable number of representatives from each state and the District of Columbia based on that state’s population. Since 1911, there have been 435 representatives in the House at any given time. Question #18: How many U.S. Senators are there? Question #18: How many US Senators are there? Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons Answer #18: 100 There are always 100 U.S. Senators serving in Congress, two for each of the 50 states. The specific qualifications and terms of service for a U.S. senator include being at least 30 years old, a citizen for at least nine years, and a resident of the state they want to represent. In January of every odd-numbered year, one-third of the Senate takes the Oath of Office, a procedure that dates back to 1789. Question #19: We elect a U.S. Senator for how many years? Question #19: We elect a US Senator for how many years? Alexandru Nika // Shutterstock Answer #19: six A U.S. Senator is elected every six years, but it was not always this way. It took the 1913 ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to elect two senators from every state to U.S. Congress. From 1789, senators were appointed by the state legislatures. Question #20: Who is one of your state’s U.S. Senators now? Question #20: Who is one of your state’s US Senators now? U.S. Senate // Wikimedia Commons Answer #20: Answers will vary. District of Columbia residents and residents of U.S. territories should answer that D.C. (or the territory where the applicant lives) has no U.S. Senators. A U.S. Senator has both enumerated and implied powers to perform various tasks on behalf of their constituents. Some powers include the ability to borrow and coin money, regulate interstate commerce, declare war, and create rules for the naturalization of immigrants. The U.S. Constitution creates a system of checks and balances between the U.S. Senate and the other branches of government. Question #21: The House of Representatives has how many voting members? You may also like: Former jobs of the governor of every state Question #21: The House of Representatives has how many voting members? Alex Wong // Getty Images Answer #21: 435 There are 435 voting members in the lower chamber of the House of Representatives, who are all directly elected in their respective congressional districts. With the approval of the U.S. Senate, representatives of the House can pass bills directly related to constituent concerns. Together, the Senate and the House have the power to veto a governor’s budget if they deem it fiscally irresponsible. Question #22: We elect a U.S. representative for how many years? Question #22: We elect a US representative for how many years? Win McNamee // Getty Images Answer #22: two Unlike a Senate member, who serves six-year terms, a House member, also directly elected, serves for only two years. The Apportionment Act of 1911 set the number of House members to 433, but allowed for future states Arizona and New Mexico to be added, placing the total at 435. California has the largest delegation of House representatives with 53 members. Question #23: Name your U.S. representative. Question #23: Name your US representative. Gage Skidmore // Flickr Answer #23: Answers will vary. Residents of territories with nonvoting delegates or resident commissioners may provide the name of that delegate or commissioner. Also acceptable is any statement that the territory has no (voting) representatives in Congress. House members in the lower chamber spend much of their time on their statehouse floor debating bills and trying to pass proposed legislation. For representing their constituents during each two-year term, House members get an annual salary, pension, health benefits, travel allowance, and a tax deduction. When a House seat becomes vacant, the U.S. Constitution mandates that a special election be held to fill the position. Question #24: Who does a U.S. senator represent? Question #24: Who does a US senator represent? Chip Somodevilla // Getty Images Answer #24: All people of the state. A U.S. senator protects every man, woman, and child in the state they represent. Two U.S. senators, who serve six-year terms, represent each state regardless of the population. The structure that allows for only two U.S. senators per state was created at the Constitutional Convention and was initially called the Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise of 1787. Question #25: Why do some states have more representatives than other states? Question #25: Why do some states have more representatives than other states? Mr. Matté // Wikimedia Commons Answer #25: (Because of) the state’s population; (because) they have more people; (because) some states have more people. The number of House members for each congressional district directly depends on how many citizens live in the state. The decision to establish directly elected House members based on population was settled at the 1787 Constitutional Convention after much debate due to population disparity among large and small states. James Madison of Virginia, William Paterson of New Jersey, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina, and Robert Sherman of Connecticut receive credit for the compromise. Question #26: We elect a president for how many years? You may also like: Youngest and oldest presidents in U.S. history Question #26: We elect a president for how many years? Bart Stupak // Wikimedia Commons Answer #26: four The president of the United States (POTUS) is directly elected every four years based on the number of electoral votes in that given year. The election of the president is the only one in the federal government not based on popular vote. All U.S. registered voters indirectly elect the president through the Electoral College, a body of enfranchised people. The U.S. Constitution established the Electoral College. Question #27: In what month do we vote for president? Question #27: In what month do we vote for president? Rob Crandall // Shutterstock Answer #27: November The U.S. presidential election takes place every four years in November. At the beginning of U.S. history, a national leader was elected by a member of the Electoral College, who cast a vote for the president and vice president. The candidate with the majority of votes won the race, and the runner up became vice president. However, the system for electing a president changed in 1804 with the Twelfth Amendment, which gave electors only one vote for president and one vote for vice president. Question #28: What is the name of the president of the United States now? Question #28: What is the name of the president of the United States now? Getty Answer #28: Joe Biden The 46th and current president is Joe Biden, a Democrat. He succeeded Republican President Donald Trump after winning the 2020 presidential election. President Biden will serve a four-year term, after which he can run for a second four-year term if he chooses. Question #29: What is the name of the vice president of the United States now? Question #29: What is the name of the vice president of the United States now? Getty Answer #29: Kamala Harris Kamala Harris, a former U.S. senator and California attorney general, is the first woman to hold the role of Vice President; Harris is also the first Black American and the first South Asian American to hold the office.  Question #30: If the president can no longer serve, who becomes president? Question #30: If the president can no longer serve, who becomes president? Getty Answer #30: The vice president. The Twentieth Amendment assures that the vice president, who is elected along with the president, immediately takes over the presidency if the elected president can no longer serve, whether due to removal, death, resignation, or inability. Only four vice presidents, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H.W. Bush, ever became the president after serving as the vice president. Question #31: If both the president and the vice president can no longer serve, who becomes president? You may also like: 25 terms you should know to understand the gun control debate Question #31: If both the president and the vice president can no longer serve, who becomes president? Pool // Getty Images Answer #31: The speaker of the House. In the rare case that both the president and vice president cannot serve, the speaker of the House, the political and legislative leader of the House of Representatives, becomes the U.S. leader. To date, no speaker of the House has ever had to become the nation’s leader due to the simultaneous loss of both the president and vice president. Question #32: Who is the commander-in-chief of the military? Question #32: Who is the commander-in-chief of the military? White House Press Office // Wikimedia Commons Answer #32: The president. The president is also the commander-in-chief of all military forces including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard. The president works alongside the Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security to assure national safety. Though the president is the head of the military, the U.S. Congress is the only entity that can declare war, based on Article One, Section Eight of the U.S. Constitution. Question #33: Who signs bills to become laws? Question #33: Who signs bills to become laws? The White House // Wikimedia Commons Answer #33: The president. The president signs bills into law after a long process of approval. First, a bill must be introduced by a primary sponsor, a senator or representative. The bill goes to a committee, where changes to the proposed law can be discussed and made. Next, the bill goes before U.S. Congress for debate, when additional modifications to the original proposal take place. After both the upper and lower chamber agrees on all revisions, the bill is passed on to the president to either veto or sign into law. Question #34: Who vetoes bills? Question #34: Who vetoes bills? Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons Answer #34: The president. Instead of signing a bill into law, the president can veto a bill. A veto bars any specific proposal from becoming law unless Congress overrides the veto by two-thirds of a majority. The president can also choose not to act at all, but after 10 days the bill becomes law. The bill will not become law if Congress adjourns during the 10 days the president does not sign the bill, which is called a pocket veto. Question #35: What does the president’s Cabinet do? Question #35: What does the president’s Cabinet do? Getty Answer #35: Advises the president. Established in Article Two, Section Two of the U.S. Constitution at the 1767 Constitutional Convention, the Cabinet, which includes 15 federal department heads and the vice president, advises the president on how to run each respective department. Considered part of the executive branch of the government, the Cabinet can also decide if a sitting president is unable to perform the duties of the office, according to the Twenty-Fifth Amendment. Question #36: What are two Cabinet-level positions? You may also like: The original Woodstock, by the numbers Question #36: What are two Cabinet-level positions? Gage Skimore // Flickr Answer #36: Secretary of agriculture; secretary of commerce; secretary of defense; secretary of education; secretary of energy; secretary of health and human services; secretary of homeland security; secretary of housing and urban development; secretary of the interior; secretary of labor; secretary of state; secretary of transportation; secretary of the treasury; secretary of veterans affairs; attorney general; vice president. Two powerful Cabinet-level positions are the secretary of defense and the secretary of state. As the lead advisor for all military issues, the secretary of defense, who is also a statutory member of the National Security Council, is vital to national security. As the leading adviser of foreign policy and affairs, the secretary of state role is critical to global peace through the interpretation and negotiation of international treaties. Question #37: What does the judicial branch do? Question #37: What does the judicial branch do? Pixabay Answer #37: Reviews laws; explains laws; resolves disputes (disagreements); decides if a law goes against the Constitution. Unlike the legislative and executive branches of the government, where the people directly elect members, judicial branch judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The federal courts in the judicial branch interpret and determine the constitutionality of the law. Congress can only decide on the boundaries of federal court jurisdiction and on whether to impeach a federal judge. Question #38: What is the highest court in the United States? Question #38: What is the highest court in the United States? Phil Roeder // Wikimedia Commons Answer #38: Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest level in the judicial branch of government. The Supreme Court was incorporated after the Judiciary Act of 1789, when President George Washington included a national judiciary system into the U.S. Constitution Article Three, Section One. The Supreme Court, led by the chief justice of the United States, is the only court established in the U.S. Constitution. Question #39: How many justices are on the Supreme Court? Question #39: How many justices are on the Supreme Court? Wikimedia Commons Answer #39: nine There are nine justices are on the Supreme Court, including the chief justice of the United States. All nine justices on the Supreme Court are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The number of justices in the Supreme Court has changed since the original six in 1769. After several adjustments, in 1869 the Circuit Judges Act solidified the number at nine. Question #40: Who is the chief justice of the United States now? Question #40: Who is the chief justice of the United States now? Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons Answer #40: John G. Roberts John G. Roberts is the chief justice of the United States and has been the highest ranking federal judicial magistrate since 2005. The Chief Justice of the United States, who serves until death, retirement, or impeachment, is always directly selected by the president and confirmed by the Senate. As the head of the Supreme Court, the chief justice of the United States presides over a presidential impeachment trial. Question #41: Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the federal government. What is one power of the federal government? You may also like: 50 ways the news industry has changed in the last 50 years Question #41: Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the federal government. What is one power of the federal government? Pixabay Answer #41: To print money; to declare war; to create an army; to make treaties. The U.S. government has the power to print money, declare war, create an army, and make treaties, among many other powers. The U.S. Department of Treasury Bureau of Engraving and Printing creates all currency, either in paper or coin form. State of the art technology is used to inspect all currency produced by the federal government. After making money in the Bureau, officials transfer it to the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the U.S. Question #42: Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the states. What is one power of the states? Question #42: Under our Constitution, some powers belong to the states. What is one power of the states? JL Jahn // Shutterstock Answer #42: Provide schooling and education; provide protection (police); provide safety (fire departments); give a driver’s license; approve zoning and land use. Each of the 50 states in the U.S. has the individual power to govern its own territory. Some of the most vital state powers include providing protection, education, and housing to citizens throughout the state. Each states’ demographics differ due to its location and history. For example, a highly populated state may have more school districts, larger police forces, and more housing throughout than a state with fewer people. Question #43: Who is the governor of your state now? Question #43: Who is the governor of your state now? Governor Tom Wolf // Flickr Answer #43: Answers will vary. District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. does not have a governor. As the head of their state’s government, every U.S. governor acts as the chief executive officer of the territory. Each state governor, who is directly elected by state residents, has a salary that is determined by the state they serve. Like the president, the governor serves four years and has the power to veto proposed legislation from becoming law. Vermont and New Hampshire are the only two states that elect a governor every two years and not four. Question #44: What is the capital of your state? Question #44: What is the capital of your state? MuZemeke // Wikimedia Commons Answer #44: Answers will vary. District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. is not a state and does not have a capital. Residents of U.S. territories should name the capital of the territory. Every state in the U.S. has a capital city and building where federal government business takes place. It is the location where the Senate and House meet to propose, debate, and pass legislation, and where the governor signs or vetoes bills. It is also where many other significant events take place, including important government ceremonies and public policy protests. Question #45: What are the two major political parties in the United States? Question #45: What are the two major political parties in the United States? vectorfusionart // Shutterstock Answer #45: Democratic and Republican The Democratic and Republican political parties are the most powerful political parties in the U.S. The Democratic party has a more liberal view of public policy and economic equality where the Republican party, also referred to as the Grand Old Party (GOP), has a more conservative view and supports free-market capitalism. There have been more GOP presidents than Democratic presidents in U.S. history. Question #46: What is the political party of the president now? You may also like: States with the highest and lowest Trump approval ratings Question #46: What is the political party of the president now? mark reinstein // Shutterstock Answer #46: Democratic President Joe Biden is a Democrat. Before him, former President Donald Trump was a Republican. The first U.S. president, George Washington, was neither a Democrat nor a Republican when he served for two terms. At the time, neither of the current major parties existed. The Democratic party was founded in 1828, and the GOP was founded in 1854. Question #47: What is the name of the speaker of the House of Representatives now? Question #47: What is the name of the speaker of the House of Representatives now? Chip Somodevilla // Getty Images Answer #47: Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the speaker of the House of Representatives. The speaker of the House is Democrat Nancy Pelosi. The first speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, presided over the first meeting of Congress. Every speaker of the House controls the Rules Committee, which determines which bills move past committee to continue to the floor for debate. Question #48: There are four amendments to the Constitution about who can vote. Describe one of them. Question #48: There are four amendments to the Constitution about who can vote. Describe one of them. Everett Historical // Shutterstock Answer #48: Citizens 18 and older can vote; You don’t have to pay a poll tax to vote; Any citizen can vote (women and men can vote); A male citizen of any race can vote. A U.S. citizen must be 18 years old in order to vote, thanks to the Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Other disenfranchised groups, including African American men and women of all races, were not allowed to vote before two subsequent amendments were passed. White women were granted suffrage by the Nineteenth Amendment while the Fifteenth Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote, though access to polling places continues to be limited by systemic voter suppression. Question #49: What is one responsibility that is only for United States citizens? Question #49: What is one responsibility that is only for United States citizens? Crazy City Lady // Shutterstock Answer #49: Serve on a jury; vote in a federal election. U.S. citizens have the sole responsibility of serving on a jury and voting in a federal election. The basis of the U.S. Constitution, “All men are created equal,” allows for any rightful citizen above the age 18 to serve with a panel of their peers in court and vote in a federal election for candidates and public policy. Question #50: Name one right only for United States citizens. Question #50: Name one right only for United States citizens. Mike Murphy // Wikimedia Commons Answer #50: Vote in a federal election; run for federal office. Any U.S. citizen who has not committed a felony can vote in a federal election or run for federal office. Unlike in many other countries, an elected official from the U.S. does not have to be born into influence or money, or be a specific gender, to lead the people if directly elected. Question #51: What are two rights of everyone living in the United States? You may also like: Youngest heads of state in the world right now Question #51: What are two rights of everyone living in the United States? Pixabay Answer #51: Freedom of expression; freedom of speech; freedom of assembly; freedom to petition the government; freedom of religion; the right to bear arms. The Bill of Rights, which includes the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, allows for certain personal freedoms including expression, speech, assembly, petition, religion, and the right to bear arms. The freedoms of expression, speech, assembly, and petition the government all lie in the First Amendment, whereas the right to bear arms is in the Second Amendment. Question #52: What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance? Question #52: What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance? Bernardo Fuller // Wikimedia Commons Answer #52: The United States; the flag. The Pledge of Allegiance, written by minister Francis Bellamy in 1892, is the official solemn promise of loyalty to the U.S. After the phrase “under God,” was added to the pledge at the request of President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1954, the oath became controversial, with some suggesting it violated their First Amendment rights to freedom of religion. In 2014, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the Pledge of Allegiance was not religious and the phrase “under God,” remains. Question #53: What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen? Question #53: What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen? Africa Studeio // Shutterstock Answer #53: Give up loyalty to other countries; defend the Constitution and laws of the United States; obey the laws of the United States; serve in the U.S. military (if needed); serve (do important work for) the nation (if needed); be loyal to the United States. Of the many promises made by U.S. citizens, defending the U.S. Constitution is an especially significant vow because the nation was founded on the U.S. Constitution. By upholding the U.S. Constitution and its laws, a citizen exhibits their loyalty to the nation. Question #54: How old do citizens have to be to vote for president? Question #54: How old do citizens have to be to vote for president? Chintung Lee // Shutterstock Answer #54: 18 and older. A U.S. citizen must be at least 18 years old to vote in a federal election; however, that was not always the case. Before 1971, a U.S. citizen had to be 21 years old to vote, but after the U.S. Constitution adopted the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, President Richard M. Nixon signed the change into law. While the Senate voted 94-0 for the change, the House voted 401-19. Question #55: What are two ways that Americans can participate in their democracy? Question #55: What are two ways that Americans can participate in their democracy? Eileen Salazar // Shutterstock Answer #55: Vote; join a political party; help with a campaign; join a civic group; join a community group; give an elected official your opinion on an issue; call senators and representatives; publicly support or oppose an issue or policy; run for office; write to a newspaper. There are several ways a citizen can participate in their democracy, which range from voting to running for federal office. Citizens can also participate in their democracy by attending local government meetings, sending a letter to the editor of a newspaper, or holding a protest against an existing or proposed public policy. Question #56: When is the last day you can send in federal income tax forms? You may also like: 25 terms you should know to understand the climate change conversation Question #56: When is the last day you can send in federal income tax forms? ungvar // Shutterstock Answer #56: April 15. The last day any U.S. citizen can file their federal tax forms is April 15 of any given year. If a citizen needs more time to file their taxes, they can request additional time by submitting an IRS Form 4868. By registering for an extension, citizens can avoid penalties otherwise incurred for not filing and paying on time. There are penalties for tax fraud and evasion in the U.S., which include fines and possible imprisonment. Question #57: When must all men register for the Selective Service? Question #57: When must all men register for the Selective Service? Everett Historical // Shutterstock Answer #57: At age 18; between 18 and 26. All men of the 18 in the U.S. must register for the Selective Service within the first 30 days of turning 18, and remain recorded until the age 26. Just because U.S. men must register does not mean they will necessarily serve in any of the Armed Forces unless a draft is called. The Vietnam War draft was the only time the federal government mandated men to serve their country overseas. Question #58: What is one reason colonists came to America? Question #58: What is one reason colonists came to America? Raime // Wikimedia Commons Answer #58: Freedom; political liberty; religious freedom; economic opportunity; practice their religion; escape persecution. Colonists broke from Great Britain to seek religious and political freedom. The first colony founded was in Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Thirteen years later, in 1620, more colonists from Great Britain landed in Plymouth, Mass. The Plymouth Rock, a Dedham Granite boulder, later became a significant symbol of the principles of the first European colonists. Question #59: Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived? Question #59: Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived? Laton Alton Huffman // Wikimedia Commons Answer #59: American Indians; Native Americans. The Native American Indians were the first people to live in the territory that currently makes up the United States. Also referred to as indigenous people, American Indians built cities, traded goods and information, and developed robust and distinctive cultures for many thousands of years before colonists first settled in the U.S. Existing reservations fall under the federal government Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs. Question #60: What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves? Question #60: What group of people was taken to America and sold as slaves? Public Domain // Wikimedia commons Answer #60: Africans; people from Africa. During the Atlantic slave trade, European and American slavers trafficked and sold people from Western and Central Africa to Americans to perform forced labor. Three hundred years after the first enslaved Africans arrived on North American shores, the Emancipation Proclamation freed all enslaved people in the South. After the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery, except in the case of those convicted of felonies. Question #61: Why did the colonists fight the British? You may also like: Do you know the mayors of these major cities? Question #61: Why did the colonists fight the British? Nathanial Currier // Wikimedia Commons Answer #61: Because of high taxes (taxation without representation); because the British army stayed in their houses (boarding, quartering); because they didn’t have self-government. Taxation without representation and a lack of self-government caused the colonists to rebel against the British crown. Additionally, the Quartering Acts, which required colonists to shelter and feed the British Army in their homes, provoked the American Revolution. The American Revolution ended in 1783, and the U.S. Constitution was formalized in 1789. Question #62: Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Question #62: Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Rembrandt Peale // Wikimedia Commons Answer #62: Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, which was signed by members of the Second Continental Congress. The statement of freedom designated the original 13 American colonies as sovereign states. The most famous line from the Declaration of Independence is “that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Question #63: When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? Question #63: When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? US Capitol // Wikimedia Commons Answer #63: July 4, 1776 July 4, 1776, is the day the Declaration of Independence was adopted. Considered America’s birthday, the date has become a reason for nationwide celebration annually. Citizens throughout the U.S. traditionally celebrate the federal holiday with long weekends or extended vacations since it falls in the summer season. Question #64: There were 13 original states. Name three. Question #64: There were 13 original states. Name three. Public Domain // Wikimedia commons Answer #64: New Hampshire; Massachusetts; Rhode Island; Connecticut; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Delaware; Maryland; Virginia; North Carolina; South Carolina; Georgia. Two of the 13 original states are New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The rest of the original states are also on the Northeast coast of the U.S., where the original colonists who fled from Great Britain and King George III landed and settled. The original copy of the document, authored by Thomas Jefferson, remains in the U.S. Library of Congress. Question #65: What happened at the Constitutional Convention? Question #65: What happened at the Constitutional Convention? TarnPisessith // Shutterstock Answer #65: The Constitution was written; the Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution. The Constitutional Convention, also called the Grand Convention at Philadelphia or the Federal Convention, was the gathering of the Founding Fathers in the Pennsylvania Statehouse. The attendants at the Convention wrote the U.S. Constitution between May and September of 1787. Chief leaders of the convention included George Washington, who presided over the event,; James Madison of Virginia; and John Adams of Massachusetts. Question #66: When was the Constitution written? You may also like: Most and least popular governors in America Question #66: When was the Constitution written? Wangkun Jia // Shutterstock Answer #66: 1787 The U.S. Constitution, authored by founding fathers James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and John Adams, was written at the Pennsylvania State House in 1787. The amended document created the three branches of the federal government. The preamble to the U.S. Constitution, “We the People,” represents the union of colonists who sought to provide common defense and general welfare for all who broke from Great Britain. Question #67: The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers. Question #67: The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers. Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons Answer #67: (James) Madison; (Alexander) Hamilton; (John) Jay or “Publius.” The Federalists Papers, a two-volume collection of articles and essays, were partly authored by James Madison, a lawyer and diplomat who was also one of the authors of the U.S. Constitution and the fourth American president. The collection of articles and essays was initially titled “The Federalist” and did not name any of the three authors due to their fear of persecution. Question #68: What is one thing Benjamin Franklin is famous for? Question #68: What is one thing Benjamin Franklin is famous for? Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons Answer #68: U.S. diplomat; oldest member of the Constitutional Convention; first postmaster general of the United States; writer of “Poor Richard’s Almanac”; started the first free libraries. Though famous for the many roles he had as a founding father, Benjamin Franklin is renowned for being the first postmaster general of the United States, appointed by the Continental Congress in 1775. Franklin had served in the same post in British Parliament and later became the first to take the position in America. After Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Osgood became the second postmaster general of the United States of America. Question #69: Who is the “Father of Our Country”? Question #69: Who is the “Father of Our Country”? Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons Answer #69: (George) Washington George Washington is considered the “Father of Our Country.” Presiding over the Continental Congress, Washington, who was also the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, became the first president of the U.S. He served two terms and later died on Dec. 14, 1799. The capital city of the U.S. is named after Washington. Question #70: Who was the first president? Question #70: Who was the first president? Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons Answer #70: (George) Washington George Washington was the first U.S. president. Washington served two terms between 1789 and 1797 with John Adams as his vice president. Born in 1732 in Virginia to Augustine Sr. and Mary Ball Washington, he later fought in the French and Indian War in 1754 before becoming the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1775. Question #71: What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803? You may also like: The only 7 countries that are on track to meet the Paris Agreement–and how they’re doing it Question #71: What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803?